Separator for non-aqueous secondary battery, making method, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery

ABSTRACT

A separator carries lithium particles on its surface. Using the separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a high initial efficiency and improved cycle retentivity is available.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)on Patent Application No. 2006-233579 filed in Japan on Aug. 30, 2006,the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a separator for non-aqueous secondarybatteries; a method for preparing the same; and a non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery. More particularly, it relates to aseparator for lithium ion secondary batteries; a method for preparingthe same; and a lithium ion secondary battery.

BACKGROUND ART

As the portable power source for laptop computers, mobile phones,digital cameras and the like, there is an increasing demand for lithiumion secondary batteries featuring a high energy density. A focus is alsodirected to lithium ion secondary batteries as the power source forelectric automobiles which are desired to reach a practical levelbecause of environment friendliness.

Conventional lithium ion secondary batteries use carbonaceous materialsas the negative electrode active material. To meet the recent demand forhigher capacities, it is envisioned that silicon and other metalscapable of alloying with lithium and oxides thereof which are expectedto provide a high charge/discharge capacity are used as the negativeelectrode active material. The use of alloying metals as the activematerial is expected to provide a high capacity, but can cause anirreversible phenomenon that once lithium in the positive electrodematerial is introduced into the negative electrode material during thefirst charging step, not all lithium ions are taken out duringsubsequent discharge, with a certain amount being left fixed within thenegative electrode. This undesirably results in a battery having adecreased discharge capacity and a degraded capability.

One solution proposed for solving the problem is to previouslyincorporate a lithium source in a negative electrode material. Thelithium source may take various forms including metallic lithium powder(JP-A 5-67468 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,176), metallic lithium foils (JP-A11-86847, JP-A 2004-303597, JP-A 2005-85508), and lithium compounds(Japan Pat. 3287376 and JP-A 9-283181).

These approaches, however, are industrially unacceptable because themanufacture process lacks safety and the operation in an atmospherewhere lithium remains non-reactive is cumbersome.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a separator which isused to construct a non-aqueous secondary battery having a high initialefficiency and improved cycle retentivity and which is easy to handle; amethod for preparing the same; and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondarybattery.

The inventors have found that a separator can be prepared by a simplemethod and is easy to handle at a dew point of approximately −40° C.,and more specifically, that when a separator carrying asurface-stabilized metallic lithium powder on its surface is used in anon-aqueous secondary battery, this lithium powder can compensate for anirreversible portion of lithium which would be left fixed within thenegative electrode, leading to an improvement in battery capability.

In one aspect, the invention provides a separator carrying a lithiumpowder on its surface, the separator being for use in non-aqueoussecondary batteries. In a preferred embodiment, the lithium powder is asurface stabilized metallic lithium powder. In a preferred embodiment,the lithium powder having an adherent surface is bound to the separator.In a preferred embodiment, the separator having the lithium powder boundthereto is obtained by applying an adherent lithium powder to asubstrate having parting property, bringing the substrate in contactwith a separator, and transferring the lithium powder to the separator.

In another aspect, the invention provides a non-aqueous electrolytesecondary battery comprising a separator as defined above; andspecifically, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising aseparator as defined above, a negative electrode comprising a negativeelectrode active material containing silicon and/or silicon oxidecapable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, a positiveelectrode comprising a positive electrode active material containing alithium composite oxide or sulfide capable of intercalating anddeintercalating lithium ions, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solutioncomprising a lithium salt.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for preparing aseparator carrying a lithium powder on its surface for non-aqueoussecondary batteries, the method comprising the steps of applying anadherent lithium powder to a substrate having parting property, bringingthe substrate in contact with a separator, and transferring the lithiumpowder to the separator.

BENEFITS OF THE INVENTION

Using the separator of the invention, a non-aqueous electrolytesecondary battery having a high initial efficiency and improved cycleretentivity is available.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In one aspect of the invention, the separator for use in non-aqueoussecondary batteries carries a lithium powder on its surface. That is,lithium particles are distributed on a surface of a separator. Inanother aspect, the invention provides a non-aqueous electrolytesecondary battery comprising a separator carrying a lithium powder onits surface. Specifically, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batterycomprises a separator as defined herein, a negative electrode comprisinga negative electrode active material containing silicon and/or siliconoxide capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, apositive electrode comprising a positive electrode active materialcontaining a lithium composite oxide or sulfide capable of intercalatingand deintercalating lithium ions, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solutioncomprising a lithium salt.

In the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the metallic lithiumpowder on the surface of the separator is gradually dissolved into theelectrolyte solution during repetitive charge/discharge cycles, andeventually incorporated such that the negative electrode is dopedtherewith, that is, utilized to compensate for an irreversible capacitycomponent in the negative electrode. Because the metallic lithium powderon the separator surface is utilized to compensate for an irreversiblecapacity component in the negative electrode, the amount of the metalliclithium powder added is desirably less than or equal to an amountsufficient to compensate for an irreversible capacity component in thenegative electrode. An appropriate amount of the metallic lithium powderadded varies with the quantity and type of the negative electrode activematerial, and the irreversible capacity component is reduced inproportion to the amount of lithium powder. A too much amount of lithiumpowder would allow lithium to precipitate on the negative electrode andrather reduce the battery capacity. Accordingly, an appropriate amountof lithium added is preferably determined after an initial efficiency ofthe negative electrode is separately measured.

The particle size of the metallic lithium powder (i.e., particles) isnot particularly limited. In view of a possible thin uniformdistribution, a lithium powder with an average particle size of 0.1 to50 μm, and especially 1 to 10 μm is preferred. It is noted that theaverage particle size is determined as a weight average diameter D₅₀(particle diameter at 50% by weight cumulative, or median diameter)using, for example, a particle size distribution measuring instrumentrelying on laser diffractometry or the like.

The metallic lithium powder used herein is preferably a stabilized one.Once a lithium powder is stabilized, the lithium powder is no longeraltered even in a dry chamber with a dew point of approximately −40° C.The stabilization of lithium powder means that a surface of a lithiumpowder (i.e., surfaces of lithium particles) is coated with substanceshaving environment stability including organic rubbers such asnitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),organic resins such as ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVA) copolymer resins,and inorganic compounds such as metal carbonates like Li₂CO₃. Suchstabilized lithium powder is commercially available, for example, fromFMC Corp. under the trade name SLMP.

The separator carrying lithium powder on its surface is disposed betweenpositive and negative electrodes. The separator may be formed of anysuitable material having a liquid holding ability. Typically, poroussheets and non-woven fabrics of polyolefins such as polyethylene andpolypropylene are used.

The preferred method for distributing lithium powder on a separatorsurface involves imparting adherence to a surface of lithium powder(i.e., surfaces of lithium particles), especially stabilized lithiumpowder, then bringing the lithium powder in contact with a separator foradhesively binding the powder to the separator. Adherence is imparted tothe lithium powder surface by immersing the lithium powder in a binderor adhesive for coating the surface with the binder, and taking thepowder out of the binder. While the coating amount of the binder on theparticle surface varies with the binding force of the binder, it maysuffice to impart a binding or adhesive force sufficient to preventlithium particles from separating from the separator surface during themanufacture process after the lithium particles are bound to theseparator surface. If the coating amount of the binder is beyond thenecessity, then the dissolution of lithium into the electrolyte solutiontakes a time, and the binder can also be dissolved to interfere withbattery performance. Specifically, the coating amount of the binder onthe lithium powder is preferably about 0.01 to about 10% by weight, andmore preferably about 0.1 to about 5% by weight.

Suitable binders or adhesives include acrylic binders, rubber basedbinders, and silicone based binders, as well as hot melt adhesives.Those binders which are dissolvable in components of the electrolytesolution are preferred.

When the lithium powder is immersed in the binder, use of a dilution ofthe binder with an organic solvent is preferred for uniform surfacecoating and easy control of the coating amount.

Next, the lithium powder immersed in the binder, specifically a dilutionof the binder in a solvent is bound to a separator. First, the lithiumpowder following immersion in the binder is applied to a surface of asubstrate having parting property, by any suitable technique such ascoating or spraying. The coating is dried to remove the dilutionsolvent. The substrate carrying the lithium powder is press joined to aseparator such that the powder-carrying surface is in contact with theseparator, for thereby transferring the lithium powder from thesubstrate surface to the separator surface. In case a hot melt adhesiveis used, the lithium powder-carrying substrate surface must be heated ata predetermined temperature so that a binding force is exerted.

Suitable substrates having parting property include polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) film, polypropylene (PP) film,polyethylene-laminated paper, and other substrates, which are coatedwith silicone parting agents.

If the substrate has insufficient parting property, the transfer of thelithium powder to the separator surface is prohibited during pressurejoining between the substrate and the separator. Inversely, if theparting property is beyond the necessity, the lithium powder wouldseparate off from the substrate before the pressure joining.

The positive electrode active materials used in the non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery of the invention include oxides andsulfides which are capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithiumions. They may be used alone or in admixture. Examples include sulfidesand oxides of metals excluding lithium such as TiS₂, MoS₂, NbS₂, ZrS₂,VS₂, V₂O₅, MoO₃, Mg(V₃O₈)₂, and lithium and lithium-containing complexoxides. Composite metals such as NbSe₂ are also useful. For increasingthe energy density, lithium complex oxides based on Li_(x)MetO₂ arepreferred wherein Met is preferably at least one element of cobalt,nickel, iron and manganese and x is a positive number in the range:0.05≦x≦1.10. Illustrative examples of the lithium complex oxides includeLiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiFeO₂, and Li_(x)Ni_(y)Co_(1-y)O₂ having a layerstructure wherein x is as defined above and y is a positive number inthe range: 0<y<1, LiMn₂O₄ having a spinel structure, and rhombic LiMnO₂.Also used is a substitutional spinel type manganese compound adapted forhigh voltage operation which is LiMet_(x)Mn_(1-x)O₄ wherein Met istitanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc or the like.

It is noted that the lithium complex oxide described above is prepared,for example, by grinding and mixing a carbonate, nitrate, chloride orhydroxide of lithium and a carbonate, nitrate, oxide or hydroxide of atransition metal in accordance with the desired composition, and firingat a temperature in the range of 600 to 1,000° C. in an oxygenatmosphere.

Organic materials may also be used as the positive electrode activematerial. Examples include polyacetylene, polypyrrole,polyparaphenylene, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacene, andpolysulfide.

The negative electrode active materials used in the non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery of the invention includesilicon-containing active materials capable of intercalating anddeintercalating lithium ions. Examples include high purity siliconpowder having metal impurity concentrations of up to 1 ppm; siliconpowder of chemical grade which is obtained by washing with hydrochloricacid, and treating with hydrofluoric acid or a mixture of hydrofluoricacid and nitric acid for removing metal impurities; silicon powderobtained by metallurgically purifying metallic silicon and powdering;alloys of the foregoing, lower oxides or partial oxides of silicon,nitrides or partial nitrides of silicon, mixtures of the foregoing withcarbon materials for electric conductive treatment, alloy forms of theforegoing by mechanical alloying, forms of the foregoing coated withconductive substances such as metals by sputtering or plating, and formsof the foregoing having carbon deposited thereon from organic gases.These active materials have a high charge/discharge capacity as comparedwith commonly used graphite, but allow a certain amount of lithium tocontribute to an irreversible capacity in that lithium which isintroduced into the negative electrode material during the firstcharging step is not entirely taken out during discharge, with a certainamount being left within the negative electrode. In particular, siliconoxide which is a lower oxide of silicon displays good cyclecharacteristics, but allows a larger amount of lithium to contribute toan irreversible capacity. This problem must be overcome before siliconoxide can be used in practice. The problem is overcome using theseparator carrying lithium particles on its surface. Then, theabove-mentioned silicon-containing active materials, especially silicon,silicon oxide represented by SiOx wherein 0.6≦x≦1.6, particles ofcomposite structure wherein silicon fines are dispersed in a siliconcompound such as silicon dioxide, and forms of the foregoing which arecoated with conductive coatings of carbon or the like can beadvantageously used as the negative electrode active material.

Any desired method may be used in the preparation of positive andnegative electrodes. Electrodes are generally prepared by adding anactive material, binder, conductive agent and the like to a solvent toform a slurry, applying the slurry to a current collector sheet, dryingand press bonding. The binder used herein is usually selected frompolyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadienerubber, isoprene rubber, and various polyimide resins. The conductiveagent used herein is usually selected from carbonaceous materials suchas graphite and carbon black, and metal materials such as copper andnickel. As the current collector, aluminum and aluminum alloys areusually employed for the positive electrode, and metals such as copper,stainless steel and nickel and alloys thereof employed for the negativeelectrode.

The non-aqueous electrolytic solution used herein comprises anelectrolyte salt and a non-aqueous solvent. Exemplary of the electrolytesalt used herein are light metal salts. Suitable light metal saltsinclude salts of alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium,salts of alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium, andaluminum salts. A choice may be made among these salts and mixturesthereof depending on a particular purpose. Examples of suitable lithiumsalts include LiBF₄, LiClO₄, LiPF₆, LiAsF₆, CF₃SO₃Li, (CF₃SO₂)₂NLi,C₄F₉So₃Li, CF₃CO₂Li, (CF₃CO₂)₂NLi, C₆F₅SO₃Li, C₈F₁₇SO₃Li, (C₂F₅SO₂)₂NLi,(C₄F₉SO₂) (CF₃SO₂)NLi, (FSO₂C₆F₄)(CF₃SO₂)NLi, ((CF₃)₂CHOSO₂)₂NLi,(CF₃SO₂)₃CLi, (3,5-(CF₃)₂C₆F₃)₄BLi, LiCF₃, LiAlCl₄, and C₄BO₈Li, whichmay be used alone or in admixture.

From the electric conductivity aspect, the electrolyte salt ispreferably present in a concentration of 0.5 to 2.0 mole/liter of thenon-aqueous electrolytic solution. The electrolyte should preferablyhave a conductivity of at least 0.01 S/m at a temperature of 25° C.,which may be adjusted in terms of the type and concentration of theelectrolyte salt.

The non-aqueous solvent used herein is not particularly limited as longas it can serve for the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. Suitablesolvents include aprotic high-dielectric-constant solvents such asethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, andγ-butyrolactone; and aprotic low-viscosity solvents such as dimethylcarbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propylcarbonate, dipropyl carbonate, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran,1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, sulfolane,methylsulfolane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, anisole, acetic acidesters, e.g., methyl acetate and propionic acid esters. It is desirableto use a mixture of an aprotic high-dielectric-constant solvent and anaprotic low-viscosity solvent in a proper ratio. It is also acceptableto use ionic liquids containing imidazolium, ammonium and pyridiniumcations. The counter anions are not particularly limited and include BF₄⁻, PF₆ ⁻ and (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻. The ionic liquid may be used in admixture withthe foregoing non-aqueous solvent.

Where a solid electrolyte or gel electrolyte is desired, a silicone gel,silicone polyether gel, acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, poly(vinylidenefluoride) or the like may be included in a polymer form. Theseingredients may be polymerized prior to or after casting. They may beused alone or in admixture.

If desired, various additives may be added to the non-aqueouselectrolytic solution of the invention. Examples include an additive forimproving cycle life such as vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylenecarbonate, ethyl vinylene carbonate and 4-vinylethylene carbonate, anadditive for preventing over-charging such as biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl,cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, diphenyl ether, and benzofuran, andvarious carbonate compounds, carboxylic acid anhydrides, nitrogen- andsulfur-containing compounds for acid removal and water removal purposes.

The secondary battery may take any desired shape. In general, thebattery is of the coin type wherein electrodes and a separator, allpunched into coin shape, are stacked, or of the cylinder type whereinelectrode sheets and a separator are spirally wound.

EXAMPLE

Examples and Comparative Examples are given below for furtherillustrating the invention, but are not construed as limiting theinvention thereto. All percents are by weight.

Example 1

[Preparation of Separator Carrying Lithium Particles on Surface]

A silicone binder KR-101 (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was let downwith toluene to a solids concentration of 0.1% to form 1,000 ml of atreating binder solution. A stabilized lithium powder having an averageparticle size of 20 μm (FMC Corp.), 10 g, was immersed in the solution,which was agitated for 10 minutes.

A PET film coated with silicone base parting agent X-70-201 (Shin-EtsuChemical Co., Ltd.) was used as a substrate having parting property. Thelithium powder which had been treated with the binder was coated ontothe parting surface of the substrate by a doctor blade technique anddried in vacuum for toluene removal.

A separator in the form of a porous polyethylene film having a thicknessof 30 μm was pressed against the lithium powder-carrying surface of thesubstrate. Upon removal of the substrate, the lithium powder wasentirely transferred to the separator surface, yielding a separatorhaving the lithium powder adhesively bound to its surface.

From a weight gain of the separator before and after the application oflithium powder, the amount of binder-treated lithium powder coated wascalculated to be 0.4 mg per 2032 coin battery.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode Active Material (Conductive SiliconComposite)]

A powder mixture of equimolar amounts of silicon dioxide powder andmetallic silicon powder was heat treated in a hot vacuum atmosphere at1,350° C. and 0.1 Torr while evolving SiO gas was fed into awater-cooled tank for precipitation. The precipitate was milled inhexane on a ball mill, obtaining a silicon oxide powder (SiOx, x=1.02)having D50=8 μm. The powder was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry usingCu—Kα ray, finding that it consisted of amorphous silicon oxide (SiOx)particles. The silicon oxide powder was placed in a rotary kiln reactor,where disproportionation of silicon oxide and thermal CVD wereconcurrently effected in a methane/argon gas mixture stream at 1,150° C.for 2 hours, yielding a black powder. The black powder recovered had adeposited carbon content of 22.0%. On X-ray diffractometry analysis ofthe black powder, unlike the silicon oxide powder, a diffraction peakattributable to Si(111) appeared around 2θ=28.4°. Crystal sizedetermination by the Scherrer equation from the half-value width of thediffraction peak showed that silicon grains dispersed in silicon dioxidehad a size of 11 nm. This implies that a conductive silicon compositepowder having submicron silicon (Si) grains dispersed in silicon dioxide(SiO₂) was obtained.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode]

A negative electrode was prepared by adding 10% of polyimide to theconductive silicon composite powder and further addingN-methylpyrrolidone to form a slurry. The slurry was coated onto acopper foil of 20 μm thick and vacuum dried at 80° C. for 1 hour. Thecoated foil was shaped under pressure by means of a roller press andvacuum dried at 350° C. for 1 hour, obtaining a negative electrode.

[Preparation of Positive Electrode]

From a single layer sheet using LiCoO₂ as the active material and analuminum foil as the current collector (trade name Pioxcel C-100 byPionics Co., Ltd.), a disc of 2 cm² was punched out as a positiveelectrode.

[Determining Capacities of Positive and Negative Electrodes in Cell]

To determine the capacity of positive and negative electrodes obtainedabove, a cell was constructed using lithium as a counter electrode.Specifically, a testing 2032 type cell was assembled in a glove box (dewpoint up to −80° C.), using metallic lithium, a separator, a positiveelectrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution of lithiumhexafluorophosphate as a non-aqueous electrolyte in a 1/1 (volume ratio)mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in a concentrationof 1 mole/liter. The cell was held at room temperature over night. Atest was carried out using a secondary battery charge/discharge tester(Nagano Co., Ltd.). The test cell was charged with a constant currentflow of 0.5 mA/cm² until a cell voltage of 4.2 V was reached. The chargecapacity at this point is an initial capacity. Discharge was effectedwith a constant current flow of 0.5 mA/cm² and terminated when the cellvoltage declined below 2.5 V. A discharge capacity was measured, and apositive capacity determined. The positive electrode was found to have acharge capacity of 4.6 mAh, a discharge capacity of 4.5 mAh, an initialefficiency of 98%, and an irreversible capacity of 0.1 mAh.

Similarly, a testing 2032 type cell was assembled using metalliclithium, a separator, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueouselectrolyte solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate as a non-aqueouselectrolyte in a 1/1 (volume ratio) mixture of ethylene carbonate anddiethyl carbonate in a concentration of 1 mole/liter. The test cell wascharged with a constant current flow of 0.5 mA/cm² until a cell voltageof 0.005 V was reached. The charge capacity at this point is an initialcapacity. Discharge was effected with a constant current flow of 0.5mA/cm² and terminated when the cell voltage exceeded 2.0 V. A dischargecapacity was measured, and a negative capacity determined. The negativeelectrode was found to have a charge capacity of 6.0 mAh, a dischargecapacity of 4.5 mAh, an initial efficiency of 75%, and an irreversiblecapacity of 1.5 mAh.

[Evaluation of Battery Using Lithium-Carrying Separator]

A testing 2032 type coin battery was assembled in a glove box (dew pointup to −80° C.), using a separator having lithium powder bound to itssurface as prepared above, a negative electrode, a positive electrode,and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate asa non-aqueous electrolyte in a 1/1 (volume ratio) mixture of ethylenecarbonate and diethyl carbonate in a concentration of 1 mole/liter.

The lithium ion secondary battery was held at room temperature overnight. A test was carried out using a secondary battery charge/dischargetester (Nagano Co., Ltd.). The battery was charged with a constantcurrent flow of 0.5 mA/cm² until a cell voltage of 4.2 V was reached.The charge capacity at this point is an initial capacity. Discharge waseffected with a constant current flow of 0.5 mA/cm² and terminated whenthe cell voltage declined below 2.5 V. A discharge capacity wasdetermined. The charge/discharge cycle was repeated. The ratio (%) ofcharge capacity to discharge capacity at the first cycle is the initialefficiency. To evaluate cycle performance, a ratio of a maximumdischarge capacity among several charge/discharge cycles to a dischargecapacity after 50 cycles was determined and reported as cycleretentivity. As a result, the initial efficiency was 88%, and the cycleretentivity was 95%.

Comparative Example 1

A testing 2032 type coin battery of the same construction as in Example1 was assembled except that a porous polyethylene film of 30 μm thicknot carrying a lithium powder on its surface was used as the separator.It was tested as in Example 1. As a result, the initial efficiency was72%, and the cycle retentivity was 95%.

Example 2

[Preparation of Separator Carrying Lithium Particles on Surface]

An acrylic binder BPS-2411 (Toyo Ink Co., Ltd.) was let down withtoluene to a solids concentration of 0.1% to form 1,000 ml of a treatingbinder solution. A stabilized lithium powder having an average particlesize of 20 μm (FMC Corp.), 10 g, was immersed in the solution, which wasagitated for 10 minutes.

A PET film coated with silicone parting agent KS-837 (Shin-Etsu ChemicalCo., Ltd.) was used as a substrate having parting property. The lithiumpowder which had been treated with the binder was coated onto theparting surface of the substrate by a doctor blade technique and driedin vacuum for toluene removal.

A separator in the form of a porous polyethylene film having a thicknessof 30 μm was pressed against the lithium powder-carrying surface of thesubstrate. Upon removal of the substrate, the lithium powder wasentirely transferred to the separator surface, yielding a separatorhaving the lithium powder adhesively bound to its surface.

From a weight gain of the separator before and after the application oflithium powder, the amount of binder-treated lithium powder coated wascalculated to be 0.4 mg per 2032 coin battery.

[Evaluation of Battery Using Lithium-Carrying Separator]

A testing 2032 type coin battery of the same construction as in Example1 was assembled except that the separator having a lithium powder boundto its surface as above was used. It was tested as in Example 1. As aresult, the initial efficiency was 87%, and the cycle retentivity was95%.

Example 3

A testing 2032 type coin battery of the same construction as in Example1 was assembled. The separator used was a separator having a lithiumpowder bound to its surface in Example 1. A negative electrode wasprepared by using the negative electrode active material (conductivesilicon composite powder) prepared in Example 1, adding 10% ofpolyvinylidene fluoride thereto and further adding N-methylpyrrolidoneto form a slurry, coating the slurry to a copper foil of 20 μm thick,vacuum drying at 120° C. for 1 hour, and pressure shaping on a rollerpress. The remaining components were the same as in Example 1. Thebattery was tested as in Example 1. As a result, the initial efficiencywas 89%, and the cycle retentivity was 75%.

Comparative Example 2

A testing 2032 type coin battery of the same construction as in Example3 was assembled except that a porous polyethylene film of 30 μm thicknot carrying a lithium powder on its surface was used as the separator.It was tested as in Example 1. As a result, the initial efficiency was73%, and the cycle retentivity was 71%.

Example 4

A testing 2032 type coin battery of the same construction as in Example1 was assembled. The separator having a lithium powder bound to itssurface in Example 2 and the negative electrode prepared in Example 3were used. The remaining components were the same as in Example 1. Thebattery was tested as in Example 1. As a result, the initial efficiencywas 87%, and the cycle retentivity was 75%.

Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-233579 is incorporated herein byreference.

Although some preferred embodiments have been described, manymodifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the aboveteachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may bepracticed otherwise than as specifically described without departingfrom the scope of the appended claims.

1. A separator for non-aqueous secondary batteries, carrying a lithiumpowder on its surface.
 2. The separator of claim 1 wherein said lithiumpowder is a surface stabilized metallic lithium powder.
 3. The separatorof claim 1 wherein a lithium powder having an adherent surface is boundto the separator.
 4. The separator of claim 3 wherein the separatorhaving the lithium powder bound thereto is obtained by applying anadherent lithium powder to a substrate having parting property, bringingthe substrate in contact with a separator, and transferring the lithiumpowder to the separator.
 5. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batterycomprising a separator according to claim
 1. 6. A non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery comprising a separator according to claim1, a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active materialcontaining silicon and/or silicon oxide capable of intercalating anddeintercalating lithium ions, a positive electrode comprising a positiveelectrode active material containing a lithium composite oxide orsulfide capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, and anon-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising a lithium salt.
 7. A methodfor preparing a separator carrying a lithium powder on its surface fornon-aqueous secondary batteries, comprising the steps of applying anadherent lithium powder to a substrate having parting property, bringingthe substrate in contact with a separator, and transferring the lithiumpowder to the separator.